The Greenbrier Companies, Inc. (NYSE:GBX) Q4 2022 Earnings Conference Call October 27, 2022 11:00 AM ET
Company Participants
Justin Roberts – Vice President and Treasurer
Lorie Tekorius – President and CEO
Brian Comstock – Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial and Leasing Officer
Adrian Downes – Senior Vice President and CFO
Conference Call Participants
Justin Long – Stephens
Matt Elkott – Cowen
Bascome Majors – Susquehanna
Allison Poliniak – Wells Fargo
Adam Czakanski – Bank of America
Steve Barger – KeyBanc Capital Markets
Operator
Hello. And welcome to The Greenbrier Companies Fourth Quarter of Fiscal 2022 Earnings Conference Call. Following today’s presentation, we will conduct a question-and-answer session. Each analyst should limit themselves to only two questions. Until that time, all lines will be in a listen-only mode. At the request of The Greenbrier Companies this conference call is being recorded for replay purposes.
At this time, I would like to turn the conference over to Mr. Justin Roberts, Vice President and Treasurer. Mr. Roberts, you may begin.
Justin Roberts
Thank you, Andrea. Good morning, everyone. And welcome to our fourth quarter and fiscal 2022 conference call. Today, I am joined by Lorie Tekorius, Greenbrier’s CEO and President; Brian Comstock, Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial and Leasing Officer; and Adrian Downes, Senior Vice President and CFO.
Following our update on Greenbrier’s performance in 2022 and our outlook for fiscal 2023, we will open up the call for questions. In addition to the press release issued this morning, additional financial information and key metrics can be found in a slide presentation posted today on the IR section of our website.
As a reminder matters discussed on today’s conference call include forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Throughout our discussion today, we will describe some of the important factors that could cause Greenbrier’s actual results in 2023 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement made by or on behalf of Greenbrier.
And with that, I will turn the call over to Lorie. Good morning.
Lorie Tekorius
Good morning. Thank you, Justin, and good morning, everyone. I appreciate you joining us today. Before turning to our results, I want to commend our business units, and all our colleagues and production for completing another year of outstanding safety performance.
Our recordable injury rate declined by nearly 16% and our DART rate was down 17% from 2021. This is the second year in a row with double-digit improvements following steady improvements over the past three years.
This impressive performance occurred at the same time, we increased our global workforce by 35%, enduring a 50% rise in enterprise-wide production rates. In North America, our production rate increased by 75%.
Based on this higher production activity and workforce growth, it’s obvious why we are proud of our safety record. It demonstrates the importance, Greenbrier places on the safety and well-being of our workforce.
Now turning to our business performance. The fourth quarter was Greenbrier’s strongest operating quarter of the fiscal year. The growing impact of our leasing platform, including continued strong syndication activity helped drive record quarterly revenue, against the volatile macroeconomic backdrop.
Our performance this quarter highlights the value of our integrated business model, as well as the strength of our leadership team. Aggregate gross margins and manufacturing margins continue to trend higher, as we realize operational efficiencies and absorbed the dilutive impact of pass-throughs tied to input cost escalations.
Our North American manufacturing business navigated a massive boost in output during fiscal 2022. In a traditional upcycle, such a significant increase in hiring and production rates would be daunting.
In a year of emerging COVID variance, ongoing supply chain disruptions and railway congestion, the ramp navigated by our manufacturing team is historic and heroic. I extend my thanks and things of our Board and leadership team to all of our colleagues working on Greenbrier production lines around the world.
And as we look across the globe, we know the economy faces headwinds from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. With winter approaching, escalating energy prices together with record inflation levels and rising interest rates, present an unprecedented set of conditions.
Economic forecast predict recession in Europe. We are focused on managing our operations on the continent through current and future challenges. We are realistic and responsive to the economic conditions in Europe.
Yet there still a sense of relative optimism in the rail freight sector. Traffic volumes are holding up well and rail freight is playing an increasingly important role in the transportation of critical goods in response to the invasion of Ukraine.
Europe’s wagon supply chain has largely recovered from the disruption caused by the war, albeit with higher prices in most areas. Railcar delivery projections for the next few years are strong and back to pre-war level. Our work with our customers has brought more certainty to our production costs and our sales pipeline and backlog are growing again as new order inquiries remain stable.
In our Maintenance Service business, we continue to gain momentum demonstrated by increased margin. The action plan to increase efficiencies in our repair facilities, which included increasing headcount in certain U.S. locations is beginning to improve results.
We are cautiously optimistic about the moderating U.S. economy and expect recent economic volatility to ebb in calendar 2023 as a Federal Reserve smooth its pace of additional interest rate hikes.
Sustained monetary tightening may impact employment and economic growth, but we remain optimistic that the rail equipment sector can withstand a gradual cooling of the economy. Supply chain issues have improved, are nowhere near result.
Continuing challenges include the impact of ongoing congestion on the rail lines, a shortage of available labor and certain geographies and limited access to certain components. We expect these headwinds to diminish during the second half of our fiscal year. Overall, commodity prices, excluding energy, have declined from recent peak levels, which in the main should be favorable for rail freight traffic in the months ahead.
As we enter the first quarter of our new fiscal year, we are encouraged by the momentum in our business. As a team, we are focused on a few key initiatives that are rooted in our core values of quality, customer service and respect for people.
These initiatives are focused on continuing our manufacturing excellence, expanding our services business to reduce the cyclicality of Greenbrier financial results, ongoing investment and development of our workforce, continuing our commitment to ESG and ongoing policy advocacy to ensure our perspective on issues understood and addressed.
I plan to discuss these initiatives and our business outlook in greater detail at Greenbrier’s first Investor Day scheduled for early February. We look forward to sharing more details on this important event soon.
Greenbrier’s Board and leadership team balanced capital deployment between organic growth opportunities, short-term high return internal projects and returning capital to shareholders. For the last two years, our primary focus has been on safeguarding the business through liquidity preservation until economic stability normalizes.
As a result of recent stock market volatility and to drive long-term shareholder value, we believe there may be a near-term opportunity to repurchase shares through our existing share repurchase authority and what we perceive at discounted levels.
Share repurchase activity supplements the growth initiatives I highlighted and demonstrates our continued balance sheet strength, cash generating abilities and focus on returning value to shareholders.
When I consider the value creation opportunities for Greenbrier, I see a very attractive offering, a stable and reliable dividend, assets that are strong cash generators, a healthy business with robust market share and a growing lasing and services platform. As we enter fiscal 2023, I am highly confident in our team’s ability to seize the opportunities before us and to navigate unforeseeable challenges.
And now I will turn it over to Brian to discuss the railcar demand environment and our leasing activity.
Brian Comstock
Thanks, Lorie, and good morning, everyone. In Q4, Greenbrier secured new railcar orders of nearly 4800 units, valued at $620 million. We delivered 5,800 units in the quarter. For the fiscal year, we receive global orders of 24,600 units worth $2.9 billion, resulting in a book-to-bill just north of 1.2 times. Our diversified backlog currently stands at nearly 30,000 units with a total value of $3.5 billion.
As a reminder, our new railcar backlog does not include 2,300 units, valued at more than $170 million that are part of Greenbrier’s railcar refurbishment program. Our refurbishment program is another example of why freight rail is one of the most environmentally friendly mode of surface transport. Despite macroeconomic concerns, Greenbrier’s order pipeline remained strong and we continue to see healthy railcar orders from all categories of customers.
Also there is the emerging strength of our leasing business. Total railcars and storage have been at cyclical low for the past several months, indicating high fleet utilization. Of the 276,000 railcars in storage, over 50% have been idled for over one year, suggesting a large portion of the fleet and storage are retirement candidates.
We expect industry utilization to remain strong into 2023 as scrapped cars are expected to exceed new railcar deliveries for the third consecutive year, causing the North American fleet to shrink.
The combination of a shrinking fleet and decreased railcars and storage increases railcar utilization and adds pressure on fleet availability in North America. These dynamics have contributed to a continued strong North American leasing market, our new originations and lease renewals, and the significant expansion of our lease fleet over the last 18 months has proven to be well-timed.
Our leasing team continues to perform ahead of expectations as we scale this business with an old fleet totaling 12,200 railcars at the end of the fiscal year. This represents a 40% year-over-year increase in the size of our own fleet. Lease pricing on renewals has increased into the double digits in fiscal 2022, while our new [ph] fleet utilization remained strong at just over 98%.
We are very focused on protecting our economics through our lease agreements and by hedging our debt balances the factor for interest rates. During the quarter, we funded $75 million of our 159 term loan upsize and fixed it via an interest rate swap.
All leasing debt is non-recourse and has a remaining term of just under six years on average. Also during the quarter, we finalized a renewal of our leasing warehouse debt facility to extend the borrowing term from three years while reducing pricing levels.
Syndication activity in Q4 totaled 1300 units capping a very busy fiscal year. As a reminder, the allocation of syndication revenue moved from manufacturing to our leasing and management services segment during fiscal 2022 in order to provide greater transparency on the positive impact of our enhanced leasing strategy in our financial reporting.
Our end goal remains to grow Greenbrier’s consolidated margin. Greenbrier’s management team is experienced and our business model is flexible. We are energized and optimistic about our ability to serve our customers and to perform well in our markets. This leaves Greenbrier well positioned to successfully navigate these next stages of recovery from the pandemic and the prevailing forces at work in the economy at any particular time.
Adrian will now speak to the highlights in the fourth quarter.
Adrian Downes
Thank you, Brian, and good morning, everyone. As a reminder, quarterly and full year financial information is available in the press release and supplemental slides on our website. Greenbrier’s Q4 performance represented the strongest quarter of our fiscal 2022 year as a result of increased deliveries, strong syndication activity and improved operating efficiencies. I will speak to a few highlights from the quarter and full year, and provide a general overview of our fiscal 2023 guidance.
Notable highlights for the fourth quarter include record quarterly revenue of $950.7 million, an increase of nearly 20% from Q3. Aggregate gross margins of 13.4% reflect improving operating efficiencies, higher deliveries and strong syndication activity, the manufacturing and leasing and management services.
Selling and administrative expense of $68.8 million is higher sequentially reflecting increased employee-related costs and consulting expenses. The timing of incentive compensation trends with the cadence of earnings.
Interest expense of about $18 million is result of higher borrowings, increases in interest rates and our floating rate revolving facilities and foreign exchange expense.
Audit [ph] tax rate of 35.1% was higher sequentially due to the mix of foreign and domestic pre-tax earnings and discrete items. We also recognized about $1.3 million of gross costs specifically related to COVID-19 employee and facility safety.
Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier of $20 million generated diluted EPS of $0.60 per share. EBITDA of $88.8 million or 9.3% of revenue.
Notable highlights for the full year include deliveries of 19,900 units, an increase of over 50% from the prior year. Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier of $47 million or $1.40 per diluted share on revenue of nearly $3 billion. Net earnings attributable to Greenbrier grew by 45% in 2022. EBITDA was $231 million or 7.8% of revenue. EBITDA increased by nearly 60% versus the prior year.
Greenbrier’s liquidity increased to $690 million by the end of Q4, consisting of cash of $543 million and available borrowings of $147 million. We generated nearly $180 million of operating cash flow in the quarter.
The increased liquidity and operating cash flow reflected better operating results and improvements to working capital and the receipt of $76 million of the tax refunds associated with the CARES Act.
The remaining tax refund of roughly $30 million is anticipated to be collected in fiscal 2023 and is an addition to Greenbrier’s available cash and borrowing capacity. We have no significant debt maturities until 2026.
Because of the strength and flexibility of our balance sheet, we continue to be well positioned to navigate market dynamics. In fiscal 2023, we expect liquidity will continue to grow, due to higher levels attached from operate — from improved operating results, improved working capital efficiency and increased borrowing capacity, resulting from more railcars placed in our balance sheet.
On October 21st, Greenbrier’s Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.27 per share, our 34th consecutive dividend. Based on yesterday’s closing price, our annual dividend represents a yield of approximately 3.9%.
Since reinstating the dividend in 2014, Greenbrier has returned over $395 million of capital to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. Our Board of Directors remains committed to a balanced deployment of capital designed to protect the business and simultaneously create long-term shareholder value.
As Lorie already mentioned earlier, we believe there are near-term opportunities to repurchase shares at what we perceive at discounted levels. Greenbrier has $100 million authorized under our share repurchase program and we will use this capacity opportunistically, based on fluctuations in the price of Greenbrier shares and within the framework of our broader capital allocation plan.
Shifting focus to our guidance and outlook, based on current business trends and production schedules, we expect Greenbrier’s fiscal 2023 outlook to reflect the following; deliveries of 22,000 units to 24,000 units, which includes approximately 1000 units from Greenbrier-Maxion in Brazil; revenues between $3.2 billion and $3.6 billion; selling and administrative expenses are expected to be approximately $220 million to $230 million; gross capital expenditures of approximately $240 million in leasing and management services, $80 million in manufacturing and $10 million in maintenance services. Proceeds of equipment sales are expected to be approximately $100 million.
We expect to build and capitalize into the lease fleet approximately 2,000 units in 2023. These units are firm orders from leasing customers and are included in backlog, but are not part of our delivery guidance. As a reminder, we consider a railcar delivered when it leaves Greenbrier’s balance sheet and is owned by an external third-party. We expect full year consolidated margins to be in the low double digits.
Our business units and our colleagues drove Greenbrier have achieved many accomplishments, particularly during a year marked with unforeseen challenges. Our experienced management has a track record of success in identifying and seizing opportunities, while navigating unexpected events.
Greenbrier’s supported by a robust backlog, which provides strong earnings visibility. Our liquidity and balance sheet strength protect our business during volatile times and positions us to be opportunistic. As we turn to page to the next fiscal year, we are well positioned to enhance shareholder value into fiscal 2023.
And now, we will open it up for questions. Andrea?
Question-and-Answer Session
Operator
[Operator Instructions] And our first question will come from Justin Long of Stephens. Please go ahead.
Justin Long
Thanks and good morning. Maybe to start with the comment you just made, Adrian, on margin expectations in fiscal 2023, I believe you said low double-digit gross margins, if I look at what you reported this quarter, you are close to 13.5%. So can you give a little bit more color on the full-year outlook and why it might imply something below where we are exiting this fiscal year?
Adrian Downes
Yeah. We had a very strong Q4 and there is still some uncertainty heading into next year with supply chain issues with the war. So we would see margins improving in the back half of next year and typically our business is back half weighted in terms of our earnings and volume.
Justin Roberts
Justin, this is Justin. Good morning. The one thing I would say is, I think, bear in mind that, it takes a lot to move margin percentage on a full year basis. So we do expect to see strong performance and we don’t believe that being in the teens is out of the question. As we head towards the back half of the year, but it’s not going to be necessary a full 12 months just based on what we see at this point.
Justin Long
Got it. And maybe similarly, I was wondering if you could give any color on the cadence of production and earnings over the course of the year. And then just one other thing I wanted to clarify on the revenue guidance, does that include the 2,000 units that you are expecting to bill for the lease fleet or exclude that?
Adrian Downes
It excludes that. So we don’t recognize revenue on that, because those assets stay on our balance sheet.
Lorie Tekorius
But I would add, they are generating revenue through our leasing operations. So it’s just not the manufacturing revenue and gross margin, but those assets are deployed and generating lease returns.
Justin Roberts
And then on the cadence of activity, we do see about 40 to 60 split first half, second half, and probably, maybe 45, 55 actual delivery split given that some of our back half production is more heavily weighted towards syndication. So this is a matter of we are building more cars through our lease mode, they are going on to the balance sheet in Q1 and Q2, and then will be syndicated a strong volume of that in Q3 and Q4.
Justin Long
Got it. And that 40% to 60% was earnings related comment.
Justin Roberts
Yes.
Justin Long
Great. Very helpful. Thanks for the time.
Justin Roberts
Thank you, Justin.
Adrian Downes
Thank you.
Operator
The next question comes from Matt Elkott of Cowen. Please go ahead.
Matt Elkott
Good morning. Thank you. So your backlog ASPs the highest you have ever had. It’s also up 11% from a year ago. Is this mainly the pass-through of higher commodity prices or is there also like a mix effect? And like how — what I am trying to gauge, I guess, is how those core pricing factor in, is it possible to gauge if it’s a positive or a negative, I know it might be a bit more complicated than that, but just any color on the ASP at the end of fiscal 2022 would be great?
Justin Roberts
Yeah. Definitely Matt. I will start and then Brian will actually speak from his knowledge and experience. But I would say that definitely, there is some escalation of pass-throughs and materials and things like that embedded in that pricing.
Although, we do have a profitable mix that we are building in there. It is a little more weighted towards general freight. But we have shown a tendency to be able to build those types of cars profitably, especially the more niche products like automotive and box cars. But I would also say, I think, and Brian please step in about core pricing, but it has definitely been improving throughout the year.
Brian Comstock
Yeah. Core pricing has improved. I think you hit it that, it’s partially mix, partially pass-throughs, there’s less tank cars being produced these days, a lot more general freight cars. But as Justin points out, a lot of the general freight cars are everything from coil steel to woodchips, DDGs grain, number of different things and some of those are very profitable assets as well. So its ASP is more a product of the mix and then certainly the pass-through has some impact as well.
Matt Elkott
So, Brian and Justin, I think, Justin’s comment about, it’s still a more freight heavy mix. But is it more freight and heavy than last year or less or just relative to last year is the mix more towards freight or tank relative to 2021 — 2023 I think?
Brian Comstock
It’s good question, Matt. It’s definitely more heavily weighted towards freight car going into 2023.
Matt Elkott
Got it. Okay. And then your managed fleet declined a bit I think down 3% from last quarter is there anything meaningful behind that?
Justin Roberts
I think it’s more a matter of occasionally we do, I guess, transition away from certain types of customers and sometimes the overall product isn’t necessarily the best fit. But we still are excited about that business and do you feel that is a good long-term value add for Greenbrier.
Matt Elkott
Okay. That makes sense. And then just on the general demand environment we are hearing about tightness in multiple types of freight cars even shortages in some kinds. Can you just talk maybe about the different types of freight cars and where you are seeing the biggest tightness in the highest demand?
Brian Comstock
Yeah. It’s Brian again. We are seeing tightness really across all sectors. One of the big phenomena that’s going on right now is, of course, the low river levels on the Mississippi River, which is putting a lot of strain on grain type of assets. But it’s really broad base across all groups.
I’d say probably the area where it’s still not as robust as it has been in the years is on the tank side, but that’s really because we don’t have any big catalyst like a big ethanol build-out or crude by rail build-out, you are more servicing kind of the general market at this stage with chemicals and upstream and downstream products. So but it truly has and truly remains very broad-based across multiple commodities.
Matt Elkott
Got it. Brian, do you get the sense that this the tightness the shortages in certain types of cars is going to be alleviated before it starts affecting the rail network in a negative way.
Brian Comstock
Yeah. I don’t think so. If I understand your question correctly, no.
Matt Elkott
Okay. Got it. And just one maybe one final question to Lorie. Do you still feel the same about share repurchases after today, Lorie.
Lorie Tekorius
We consider just canceling today’s call actually.
Matt Elkott
I would have thought you would have said perfect comment, but, yeah.
Lorie Tekorius
Well, I think, in today’s volatile market, it’s important to reinforce that our Board of Directors and the leadership team thinks about how we deploy capital. And just a reminder that we do have authorization to repurchase shares if we feel like it’s a good use of our resources.
Matt Elkott
Great. Thank you very much. Appreciate it.
Operator
Your next question comes from Bascome Majors of Susquehanna. Please go ahead.
Bascome Majors
Thanks for taking my questions. If I look at delivery guide of, call it, 23,000 at the midpoint and I add the 2,000 that you are planning to bill for your own lease fleet, can you share, I mean, you have talked about 1,000 in Europe, I am sorry, 1,000 in Brazil. Can you share what the Europe assumption is in there roughly and kind of walk us to what you are assuming that you will build in North America this year?
Adrian Downes
Yeah. So, I would say that, our Europe is around kind of in that 3,000 kind of 3,500 range kind of give or take. But that’s what we are seeing at this point with a 1,000 in Brazil, you can say, kind of we are heading towards about 20,000 cars being delivered out of North America and that would imply about 22,000 cars are being built.
Bascome Majors
Okay. And is there a share gain assumption in there or just thinking about your normal kind of 40% give or take market share. I mean that would imply North American industry build of somewhere in the 50,000 to 55,000 range, which I think is a bit higher than most people are expecting. Can you walk us through kind of how to reconcile those two?
Adrian Downes
Well, I think, we would say that our delivery guidance is based off of our backlog and our production schedules. And we don’t have any explicit market share assumptions baked in or any gains. It’s more just a matter of — this is the way our production schedules have laid out, this is what we see for the year and when we are pretty robustly booked in Europe and North America, we do have a little more open space in Brazil at this point.
We don’t necessarily say that we are seeing going to expect a much railcar build north of 50,000 in 2023. But bear in mind 2022 and 2023 do have a pretty substantial increases and delivery expectations for North America. So again it just comes back to you. These are the orders we have and the orders we have been able to take and helpful to have a 30,000 car backlog.
Lorie Tekorius
I can say that, that is proves the point of why we continue to say that having the backlog we have provides us great visibility. I think we are actually booking some production now into calendar 2024 and we are feeling as good as you can feel from a manufacturing perspective, having a lot of the ramp behind us. So that gives us confidence as we look across our production lines.
Bascome Majors
On the ramp, that leads into my next question, can you talk about where you are on labor or any other investments to get to the run rate that gets you to where you need to be to hit the guidance that you have laid out there. Just curious if we are 80%, 90% of the way there are even closer? Thank you.
Lorie Tekorius
I would say that we are fairly close there. I mean we are not immune to the challenges that are being faced by a number of companies across the United States in particular with attracting and retaining a skilled workforce, more so at our U.S. facilities.
We are very fortunate and our facilities in Mexico that we have good workforce, we have got good relations with our workforce, so that as the business activity fluctuates, we are able to bring back that solid workforce and do it in a way that we keep our workforce safe.
We continue to build quality railcars for our customers. We are also looking at things that we are doing for our workforce across the Board, thinking about our wages appropriate based on where we are with inflation and other market drivers.
So I think we are doing a number of right things, but it is definitely a — I would say that we are pretty much there in bringing back the bulk of the workforce, but we will continue to have some challenges.
Bascome Majors
On the margin front, can you talk a little bit about the gap in margins between your different locations, be it Mexico versus the Central U.S. versus Europe. Just curious if there is a addition by subtraction angle here as you bring margin in one of these regions, it does impact the consolidated margin pretty nicely?. Thank you.
Lorie Tekorius
I would say that we are fortunate that we have fairly steady margins at our various facilities. They each have benefits that they bring to the consolidated results. We are mindful of the car types that we build in different locations, leaning on the strength of that particular location, whether it would be facility layout or workforce, maybe robotics or access to componentry. I don’t — there’s not one particular footprint or production line that carries the day or drag things down.
And I think we are seeing steady improvement in Europe. I mean it has been a little bit more difficult for that group, just because of the recent impacts of the war and the step up in costs. But again the team there did some great collaboration with our customers to work through something that I don’t think that environment has seen maybe ever. I think that we are a little bit more accustomed to some of that volatility in input cost here in North America. So I don’t think that there’s any one particular area that’s a drag or a superstar.
Bascome Majors
Thank you. And last one from me, can you talk a little bit about the syndication market has higher cost of capital changed either the depth makeup of who you are seeing bidding on railcars that you put into those channels. And just any thoughts about how that could evolve and whether or not the rising lease rate is — has been sufficient to keep up the in return for the people who are playing in that market? Thank you.
Brian Comstock
Yeah. This is Brian. So good question and we haven’t seen any change in liquidity in the syndication market. Keep in mind that, the way that we price deals that we have interest rate adjusters and so we tend to in fact keep up with the debt — the rising debt costs. And the players that we have partnered are long-term players in the marketplace and so as we look forward, we continue to see a robust and really unaffected syndication market.
Bascome Majors
Thank you.
Justin Roberts
Thanks Bascome.
Operator
Your next question comes from Allison Poliniak of Wells Fargo. Please go ahead.
Allison Poliniak
Hi. Good morning. Just — Lorie, just want to get your view here from the client, the customer perspective. It seems like an unusually rationale freight car market in terms of demand this cycle. In your sense this is really just a replacement driven demand market or do you feel like there is some incremental adds in certain verticals, just any thoughts there?
Lorie Tekorius
Sure. Thanks, Allis. It is unsettling to see how rational things are going right now, which makes it almost feel irrational. I would say that it is broadly replacement demand As Brian I think indicated in his prepared remarks, we have been — the North American market has been scrapping at a pretty rapid clip.
I think that our customers and Brian can add on to this, but our customers certainly have more as that they would like to put on the rails. But they are struggling with the railroad performance and some of the fluidity issues there. So I think as some of that settles out, we might see a little bit more growth and focus on increasing transportation via the rail.
That’s one of the positive spot I would say in Europe, as they are definitely much more focused on the transition to goods on the rails as opposed to the highways, which is why we are seeing that expectation, we are seeing that strong pipeline with our customers as they are looking to grow and — grow their fleets, as well as to replace some aging equipment. Brian anything you would add?
Brian Comstock
Yeah. No. I just really picking back up, what you said. It’s one of the reasons why we continue to remain pretty excited about the long-term future of rail is there is a tremendous amount of pent-up demand. The rationalization is being brought on by the lack of fluidity in the rail network today. Otherwise, we probably would have been in the typically — in the typical hockey stick cycle that rail is so accustom to.
And so as railroads continue to improve, which they are and as velocity continues to improve, it’s going to give them an opportunity to increase their market share and for customers who want to use rail, which there is quite a number of them to be able to add assets, and I think, that’s where our long-term play is even through these turbulent economic times.
Allison Poliniak
Got it. That’s helpful. And then I just want to ask on maintenance, it seems like a lot of the benefit that you had in the margin this quarter was really Greenbrier driven and less so on the volume side. Can you maybe talk a little bit more, I know you said there some to some extent labor, but what you are doing there and just how we should think about that margin through cycles, just — do we take a step up here from the efficiencies you are seeing or sort of too soon to tell on that side, just any thoughts?
Lorie Tekorius
Yeah. I would say that the maintenance business is probably the toughest part of all of our businesses. I am proud of what that group has been able to do by focusing on the workforce that we have thinking differently about how we bring them in how we train them. This is — it’s difficult work oftentimes and not the most glamorous locations or conditions.
As we grow our fleet of railcars that we own and manage having a strong network is going to be important as we maintain our own fleet, granted that you can’t always do that because it depends on geographies. But I am pleased with the progress that they have made and I know that they are very focused on continuing their efforts.
Allison Poliniak
Thank you.
Operator
The next question comes from Ken Hoexter of Bank of America. Please go ahead.
Adam Czakanski
Hi. This is Adam Czakanski on for Ken Hoexter. Thank you for taking my question. Maybe just a question on the backlog, it is up, it’s the second quarter of sequential declines. Maybe just talk a little bit about that softening and some of the end market demand exposure there?
Justin Roberts
I think it’s more a matter of, not necessarily a weakening environment, it’s more a matter of us continuing to exercise discipline when deals don’t necessarily meet our hurdle economics. And bear in mind that we are booking out nine months, 10 months or 11 months on certain lines, 15 months, 16 month on other lines and so because of that, robust nature of our backlog won’t always able to hit our customer’s delivery requirements.
So we continue to see robust activity, we saw that in fiscal Q4, we continue to see robust activity subsequent to that and continue to kind of expect to see that for the future. Brian, I don’t know if you have any other color.
Brian Comstock
Yeah. Absolutely. I mean first of all, I agree Justin. We are being selective at this stage on what orders we consider. But I can tell you that the cadence of orders continues to be very much in line with previous quarters. So — and the sales pipeline inquiries continue to be strong.
So we are still fielding a tremendous volume, in fact, in some respects record volumes in quarter for opportunities. But given that we have a nice long backlog and we have visibility well into our next fiscal year, it’s an opportunity to be a bit more selective as well.
Adam Czakanski
Got it. I appreciate it. And then maybe just a broad question on the expansion of the services business to reduce cyclicality. Thinking over the next couple of years, where do you see sort of an optimal mix and what are some of the decisions on your end that go into that? Thanks.
Lorie Tekorius
So we have the fortunate position to be able to talk — be talking to a broad number of customers. I’d say our leasing and services team has done a great job in a short amount of time that we have had the GBX leasing facility or platform created where we are developing that diversified portfolio of railcars.
So I think as our markets remain and demand remains diversified that will give us a great opportunity to continue to add. We do have the flexibility because of our capital markets group to be able to syndicate if we don’t feel like it’s the right time to be adding to that lease fleet.
But I think from a long-term perspective, I would see just a steady step-up in investment in those leasing assets, because they do provide that stability in cash flows and earnings that’s a nice offset to the typically more cyclical manufacturing.
Again, right now with manufacturing, we are having some nice steady rational activity. So that’s great. So I’d love it if both manufacturing and our leasing platform continued on this upward momentum neck and neck with each other and stable.
Adam Czakanski
Got it. And then just one last one, you mentioned most of the order activity is replacement demand. Is it a matter of congestion, scrapping, when are you viewing this to maybe inflect more into new activity?
Brian Comstock
Yeah. So, this is Brian. A lot of the activity today is, I would say, its two-fold. There’s a lot of scrapping going on as people have seen over the last couple of years, high scrap prices and an aging fleet, particularly when you think about boxcars in the old 70-ton plate-C boxcar fleet and you think about the gondola fleet. They continue to have very high attrition rates over the next four years to five years. So that tailwind will continue.
You are also seeing some uptick in biodiesel in our facilities and other organic growth. So it’s not just at this stage for the record replacement demand, there is some organic demand going on as well.
Where we see the real opportunity long-term is as the railroads become more fluid, we have a number of shippers that want to do even more, some of it for ESG compliance reasons, some of them just because it’s still the best mode of transportation.
And with the river situations becoming what they are, the Colorado River and mainly the Mississippi, which is really the workhorse of the U.S., there’s opportunities for railroad to continue to increase share as they gain more and more fluidity. So, again, we see it kind of a three legged stool.
Adam Czakanski
That’s it from me. Thank you so much.
Brian Comstock
Thanks, Adam.
Operator
The next question comes from Steve Barger of KeyBanc Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Steve Barger
Thanks. Just want to make sure I understand the margin commentary, we should expect manufacturing gross margin or consolidated gross margin in the first half will run below what you saw in 4Q?
Lorie Tekorius
We didn’t give any explicit guidance, Steve, and again, we are kind of focused more on the overall of fiscal 2023 without giving explicit guidance. So we think it will be low-double digits, possibly weighted more towards the back half.
But as I think about it, we finished the fourth quarter pretty strong, we are happy with what we have done and we expect to continue to improve on what we have done now. Again, you have seen us in years past, right?
There’s going to be some volatility, when you start stepping down into the segments, manufacturing versus syndication activity versus our maintenance activities that makes those consolidated margins, maybe not always be on a perfect trajectory.
Justin Roberts
And the one thing I would add, Steve is, with the high volume or a large percentage of our railcars that are being produced that are going on to the balance sheet, we have less syndication activity occurring.
So we do not see a step backwards in manufacturing margins. We want to be very clear about that. But the more profitable syndication part of our business is going to be back half weighted and that’s what’s driving the earnings cadence.
Steve Barger
Yeah. Understood. I certainly I am happy to hear that you are not going to step backward in manufacturing margin. But just to help level set expectations when you look at mix, and obviously, there’s challenges in Europe right now and just general economic conditions, would you expect first half 2023 EPS can exceed last year’s first half of $0.70?
Justin Roberts
Yes.
Steve Barger
Perfect. Thanks. And Lorie, you said Greenbrier’s assets are strong cash generators. But operating cash flow is negative over the last two years and after net CapEx free cash flow is lower than that. Are you saying positive operating cash flow and positive free cash flow after net investment are achievable this year?
Lorie Tekorius
Yeah. That is what we believe.
Steve Barger
That’s great to hear. And finally, just one last one from me, SG&A as a percent has been volatile over the past couple of years, the topline has moved around. If you hit your revenue goal for the year, how should we think about SG&A spend in dollars for fiscal 2023?
Adrian Downes
Yeah. We are guiding to $220 million to $230 million for the year, obviously, you can take…
Steve Barger
Oh! Great. Sorry, if I missed that.
Adrian Downes
Yeah.
Steve Barger
All right. Thanks very much.
Justin Roberts
Thanks, Steve.
Lorie Tekorius
Thank you, Steve.
Operator
Our last question will come from Justin Long of Stephens. Please go ahead.
Justin Long
Thanks for taking the follow-up. I just wanted to circle back on some of the questions around manufacturing margins specifically. So it sounds like you are not expecting a step back. I am guessing that’s for the full year, but is there any color you can give on the cadence of manufacturing gross margins that you would expect similar to what you said on consolidated margins?
Justin Roberts
Yes. This is Justin and I will evidently go out on a limb on this one. So we do not see a step back in manufacturing margins at all and especially in the first half of the year and we do expect to see some expansion ideally kind of throughout the year.
So I think you saw a relatively large step up from our fiscal Q3 to Q4. And with the majority of the behind us, this is more a matter of continuing to take cost out of the system, fine-tune the efficiencies, and at this point, we expect to make positive progress on that activity throughout the year.
Now the thing we have learned over the last two years is, there’s a lot of volatility in the world. So, but that’s what we see based on our production schedules, based on our backlog and it’s going to be a good year.
Justin Long
Got it. And last thing I wanted to ask about was non-controlling interests. That’s something that can swing the numbers around a good bit, any thoughts on where you could shake out in fiscal 2023?
Justin Roberts
Yeah. That’s a good question, Justin. And it really as you said, it is definitely can be very volatile depending on our production activity in Mexico and what’s going on in Europe. So we would see it being probably higher than it was in fiscal 2022, but not necessarily a doubling or tripling at this point. Our production plant is relatively stable in Northern Mexico and then it’s a matter of kind of getting into the earnings ramp in Europe that we expect.
Lorie Tekorius
And Justin, just to be clear, we would also be the timing will be impacted by the syndication timing.
Justin Roberts
Very much. That’s a great point, Lorie. Thank you.
Justin Long
Makes sense. I appreciate the time. Congrats on the quarter.
Lorie Tekorius
Thank you, Justin.
Justin Roberts
Thank you.
Operator
This concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Justin Roberts for any closing remarks.
Justin Roberts
Thank you very much everyone for your time and attention today. If you have any follow-up questions, please reach out to investorrelations@gbrx.com. We are very excited about the year and are proud of what the team has accomplished in the last 12 months. Thank you and have a great day.
Operator
The conference is now concluded. Thank you for attending today’s presentation and you may now disconnect.
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